Sample Essay Topics For Primary School Students

Test Essay Topics For Primary School StudentsUsing test exposition points for elementary school understudies is an extraordinary method to help set up your understudy for the creative cycle. It is significant that each understudy figures out how to act naturally mindful and to comprehend that they are by all account not the only one on the planet who ought to be associated with the creative cycle. They ought to likewise have the option to recognize the upsides and downsides of composing an exposition before they start their homework.As with most things, utilizing papers in school encourages grade school understudies to figure out how to adequately communicate. Since this is a learning procedure, these subjects for school will originate from a wide range of sources. The majority of them have been given to the youngster by the educator, however at times the instructor has shown the kid how to compose an article. This is the place it is essential to know about the way that they are real ly adapting as opposed to simply remembering a couple facts.As part of the way toward setting up your understudy for the creative cycle, it is a smart thought to show them test papers for grade school understudies. With this information, you are really helping them to turn out to be progressively certain about the procedure. It is likewise an incredible method to instruct them about the a wide range of sorts of expositions that they can hope to write in their life. It is additionally a smart thought to assist them with creating certainty as they get the chance to help get ready different understudies for exposition assignments.One of the most widely recognized sorts of papers given to the youngster is regarding the matter of normal kinds of creatures that exist on the planet today. These kinds of articles will as a rule center around a subject, for example, how to distinguish creatures that may not appear as basic as others. Additionally, they will be utilized to assist them with se eing a portion of the regular creatures that are utilized in schools.An considerably further developed sort of paper is one that is given to the autonomous peruser, the person who is given the opportunity to make their own rundown of things that they accept are valid. Accordingly, it is important to be certain that they don't turn out to be excessively joined to the things they may think of. This kind of article is additionally an extraordinary method to enable the understudy to comprehend what sorts of things are not true.Finally, there are papers that are composed to help kids who are worried about specific issues. There are a lot of issues that can be taken care of viably by utilizing tests regarding the matter of creatures, for example, helping the understudy comprehend whether a specific kind of creature is a veggie lover or not. This is an extraordinary method to enable the understudy to turn out to be progressively acquainted with the issues that are identified with an animal .When composing the examples for elementary school understudies, it is a smart thought to recollect that they ought to be liberal and versatile to the world that they live in. They ought to likewise have the option to take notes and have the option to assess the data that they have perused. The significance of this is to enable the understudy to figure out how to act naturally mindful and to comprehend that they don't have the entirety of the answers.Using article themes for grade school understudies can be a successful method to assist understudies with turning out to be better essayists. They can likewise assist them with finding out about various sorts of subjects and can assist them with figuring out how to assess data that they have perused.

Essay Writing Samples For Bank Exam

<h1>Essay Writing Samples For Bank Exam</h1><p>There are such a significant number of paper composing tests for bank test addresses that you may need to investigate every one of them. Despite the fact that it isn't essential, doing so will make it simpler to make sense of how to compose a decent paper in general.</p><p></p><p>You don't need to stress over the bank test since this is taken distinctly by banks and other money related establishments. This implies you don't need to stress over managing others who might be making a decision about your capacities and abilities. You do need to stress over what you will be approached to do in this examination.</p><p></p><p>This is a long paper and a perusing or an exchange is to be remembered for this specific article test. The article question will request that you compose an announcement on the subject of the exposition. It's anything but a hard inquiry however you do need t o comprehend what you are doing with regards to this sort of test. It is likewise significant that you read the entirety of the article composing tests for bank test before taking the exam.</p><p></p><p>The questions that you will be asked will most likely be on a specific point or potentially all themes. This is an indication that you are prepared to handle a difficult that might be on the test. It will be one of the more troublesome assessments however on the off chance that you need to succeed, at that point you have to read for this test.</p><p></p><p>There are numerous approaches to plan for the bank test. First you have to get familiar with a portion of the aptitudes you should be set up to finish the test. The bank test requires perusing, composing, and basic reasoning abilities which will assist you with passing the exam.</p><p></p><p>This is an aptitude that the vast majority don't have and doesn't have the information about reading for the test. This is the reason you need to finda approach to get some assistance. Exposition composing tests for bank test can assist you with learning all the aptitudes that you have to pass the exam.</p><p></p><p>Essay composing tests for bank test will give you approaches to get the help you need. There are numerous destinations online that will assist you with preparing for the test without you going through a great deal of cash. The expense is nothing contrasted with the information that you can pick up from utilizing article composing tests for bank exam.</p><p></p><p>This is something that will assist you with understanding the topic and figure out how to compose an exposition on any theme. You can utilize this information over to be set up for the bank test. You don't need to stress over the paper question since this is probably the hardest test that you will ever take.</p>

Writing an Essay That Inspires You

<h1>Writing an Essay That Inspires You</h1><p>The motivation behind a paper with regards to school affirmations is to let a peruser see what you've achieved, what your future objectives are, and the explanation you're composing your school article. A significant piece of this is to compose a paper that is both imaginative and challenging.</p><p></p><p>Why would you like to go to school? The appropriate response is significant, and the way that you're in school is much progressively significant. The way that your answers are originating from you is more important.</p><p></p><p>An article that gives some knowledge into your character and individual history is additionally useful on the grounds that it can give the peruser a more profound comprehension of what your identity is and what you plan to pick up from the experience. Composing your article is about what you need, how you need to arrive, and how you want to make a difference.</p><p></p><p>You should be clear about your thinking with regards to why you need to go to school. Without a solid response to this inquiry, the article essayist can't hope to get the reaction they're searching for. Also, that is not the outcome you want.</p><p></p><p>Now, with regards to your present position and objectives, remember that there are numerous reasons for what reason would you like to go to school. You may feel that you're inspired by your craving to set off for college or you may feel this is the best profession for you. Whatever your reasons, you ought to be clear about them so the exposition author will recognize what to expect.</p><p></p><p>There are numerous extraordinary subjects for your for what reason would you like to go to school article that can assist you with rousing yourself and get you propelled for what's to come. While numerous individuals might be acceptable at comp osing expositions about vocations, a great many people aren't extraordinary at discussing why they're motivated by something or how they discover motivation. Recollect that an exposition is planned to carry a one of a kind point of view to the circumstance, so your for what reason would you like to go to school paper ought to do that for you.</p><p></p><p>When it comes to investigating your purposes behind needing to go to school, it's a smart thought to remain as goal as could reasonably be expected and feature the positives and negative reasons that you can have for going. Furthermore, in the event that you've been considering heading off to college for some time and need to begin early, it's a smart thought to depict your arrangement for how to get there.</p><p></p><p>It's likewise essential to find the solutions to the entirety of the inquiries you've posed regarding for what reason would you like to go to school off the beaten pat h before you start your article. By taking as much time as is needed, you can step toward composing your school confirmation essay.</p>

Questbridge College Essay Writing

<h1>Questbridge College Essay Writing</h1><p>Questbridge College is a conventional, four-year, school private academy situated in Weston, Connecticut. This has been a very much regarded foundation for as long as two decades and the program offers understudies a far reaching, yet innovative educational plan. Because of its high caliber and notoriety, Questbridge College has been working with undergrads in making expositions that are proper for both proposition and test requirements.</p><p></p><p>Questbridge College permits understudies to utilize their own paper as their guide when they are making their Questbridge College article. The understudies' paper is submitted to Questbridge, and the program gives an evaluating strategy, point region and test composing rules. The school likewise organizes with the Questbridge article theme programming which gives the understudies course and paper thoughts for expounding on their particular zone of stud y.</p><p></p><p>When making an exposition for your Questbridge College application or Questbridge College exposition, there are a few key focuses to remember. To begin with, ensure you are knowledgeable in the subject before entering it into the program. In any case, you would prefer not to wind up doing a totally disconnected point, as it might seem clumsy and even dishonest.</p><p></p><p>Make your article intriguing and connecting with; this will keep perusers keen on perusing your Questbridge College paper. It is essential to abstain from exhausting subjects, which may lose your peruser rapidly. In the event that your material is intricate, you should make reference to that in your rundown; your synopsis will assist perusers with getting a smart thought of the extent of your paper.</p><p></p><p>When expounding on your school, be conscious of the individuals who go to the school and the individuals who are eng aged with the school. This is an essential piece of the exposition, since it gives perusers a feeling of the spot of your school and all the characters that exist inside it. Remember to incorporate citations from the understudies just as workforce or staff. Additionally make certain to incorporate a concise portrayal of yourself if it's not as of now obvious.</p><p></p><p>Do not neglect to have great sentence structure and spelling in your Questbridge College exposition. Any English composing class is extraordinary at telling understudies the best way to utilize legitimate punctuation. You won't have any desire to neglect this piece of your article, as it is essential to not overlook this part.</p><p></p><p>Lastly, make certain to have an effective shutting proclamation for your Questbridge College exposition. Make certain to express that you are intrigued by your writer's thoughts and point out how proficient you are about the subject you are expounding on. Additionally, make certain to show your insight into the theme and address those inquiries in the essay.</p><p></p><p>As with any composing task, it is important to have tolerance and to remember that the most significant part of your Questbridge College exposition is to make it interesting. Remember these tips and your Questbridge College paper will be an elegantly composed, very much looked into document.</p>

Evaluating Essay Topics - Great Tips For Choosing The Best Essay

<h1>Evaluating Essay Topics - Great Tips For Choosing The Best Essay</h1><p>Assessing exposition subjects is a significant piece of composing. It is conceivable to communicate impeccably on the off chance that you just realize where to begin, however without anyone else it is exceptionally disappointing. Here are a few hints to assist you with picking the best paper theme for your assignment.</p><p></p><p>Evaluating article points is significant for most understudies. They need to have the option to compose well and they additionally need to have the option to communicate. Since most schools hope to see them do this in the homeroom, you have to ensure that you can assess exposition points so your paper will be adequate for most schools.</p><p></p><p>Most schools don't need articles that have sentence structure or spelling mistakes. They need you to communicate, yet they additionally need you to have the option to compr ehend what you are composing. In the event that you commit one error on a page, it will destroy your entire paper and you won't have the option to utilize it.</p><p></p><p>The first thing that you need to do when you are assessing article points is to take a gander at the missteps and the manners in which that you can make them up. You may not generally think about these things. In any case, you can consider the most exceedingly terrible mix-ups you have ever constructed in your life and check whether you can address them. There are numerous slip-ups that you may make so it may merit an opportunity to fix them.</p><p></p><p>Next, you need to consider the language structure issues. Here and there you will get a few mix-ups and some of the time you won't. Truth be told, a few people commit errors that are hard to correct.</p><p></p><p>Finally, you need to check whether you can clarify things such that bodes well. A few people who are composing papers will in general avoid a few focuses or state something incorrectly when they are attempting to come to a meaningful conclusion. You need to ensure that you can clarify things accurately, particularly in the event that it is hard to do so.</p><p></p><p>Finally, you need to take a gander at the manners in which that you can make your exposition reasonable to others. Most importantly, remember to peruse the paper once before you start. Take a gander at it from alternate points of view and perceive how it sounds. You need to ensure that you can make the focuses sound alright for the crowd that you are attempting to talk to.</p><p></p><p>Evaluating article themes can be precarious on the grounds that you have such a large number of things to take a gander at. Nonetheless, there are a few pointers that you can follow that can assist you with ensuring that you are settling on the correct choices. Set asid e the effort to take a gander at these tips and you ought to have the option to discover great essays.</p>

Five Paragraph Essay Samples PDF

Five Paragraph Essay Samples PDFThe easiest way to start is to consider five paragraph essay samples PDF. If you want to learn more about this kind of assignment, you need to learn how to deal with some misconceptions.First, you should think about the way in which it is an easier job than writing a complex essay. When you start to read essay samples PDF, the first thing that you can do is to get yourself familiar with the rules of grammar. It is vital to ensure that the rules of grammar are applied in your writing. This means that all the facts that you are using must be accurate.You also need to know that there are many examples of five paragraph essay samples PDF that you can find online. It is an important thing for you to do that you make sure that you understand all the rules. When you know these rules, you will be able to compose a coherent and well-organized text.The next thing that you should do is to determine whether you will prefer to write your essay on paper or using com puter. Before you decide on which format to use, you need to make sure that you have some time to be able to write. Otherwise, it is possible that you will have difficulty when you try to manipulate the text.Most people have the impression that you will have to buy software for five paragraph essay samples PDF. In actual fact, you can find this software for free. However, if you want to use it for more than five paragraphs, you will have to purchase the program.Besides, you will also find five paragraph essay samples PDF in many different formats. These formats include word documents, spreadsheet, PPT, and even spreadsheets.There are also some advantages for you to read five paragraph essay samples PDF. The first advantage is that you can save a lot of time and money. You will be able to work without having to buy expensive equipment.Finally, you should consider the idea that the materials that you need for writing five paragraph essay samples PDF are available for free. All you nee d to do is to find them and then use them.

Essay Writing Help - How to Get Term Paper Writing Help

Essay Writing Help - How to Get Term Paper Writing HelpHow to get term paper writing help, is a question that has been haunting students for centuries. There is the old saying, 'Where there is a will, there is a way', but sadly there is not always an easy answer to this most important question.If you are stuck on your term paper, the first thing you must do is to decide what exactly you need help with and if there are any particular ways of how to get term paper writing help available. The good news is that with the vast amount of resources available today, it should not be difficult to find some help.Essay assistance will vary from company to company, but the majority will provide essay help with a combination of the following: test preparation, homework, grammar and spelling check, help with vocabulary and spelling, computer-based essays, and essay scoring. At least one of these areas is likely to be covered by all essay assistance, so it is important to compare the options availab le. A small amount of competition between companies will ensure that you have access to the type of essay help you require.It is also important to ensure that you choose the right company for your needs. Many students overlook this important step, which can result in a badly prepared term paper. If you do not know the right questions to ask, you may just find yourself writing essays that do not meet the minimum requirements for an A grade.It is also a good idea to understand the time required to complete a term paper and whether that time can be better spent preparing for the test or completing extra assignments. One way of doing this is to select a course which gives you a choice of available courses and classes. Although many courses are considered core, not all of them may suit your needs and have additional resources that can help you get through your term paper quicker.It is also important to check how quickly the essays will be graded. A standard for this is a 97% or higher st andard. In addition, it will be important to find out if the cost of the essay help will be added to your tuition fee.If you are struggling to write a term paper, it is important to remember that there are plenty of ways to improve your skills. If you think you could benefit from essay assistance, consider a course or class that can offer different options to get help with your essay writing.Essay writing is a complex skill that takes time to master. If you find that you are struggling to get through your essay, try a different course or class and see if that makes a difference. If you find essay help does not help your situation, it is best to look at your grading criteria and the guidelines set by your school to ensure that you are delivering an A grade.

Selected Readings in Computer

Selected Readings in Computer-Mediated Communicati Essay on, Communication ThThis is a selected listing of items related to Computer-MediatedCommunication, the Internet, and network information infrastructure anduse. These items were on my qualifying exam reading list for the doctoral program in Communication and Rhetoric at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. I took these exams in September, 1993. The first sections describe what the articles and books are about. Following these sections is the full bibliography. Comments are welcome. This files URL http://www.december.com/john/papers/cmcbib93.txtContents1 Explaining Computer-Mediated Communication 1.1 Meta-theories 1.2 Conceptualizations of Computing 1.3 Theories, Models, Typologies and Propositions 1.4 Innovation Diffusion/Media Choice and Adoption/Critical Mass 1.4.1 Critical Mass Theory 1.5 Information/Media Richness 1.6 Social/Psychological Factors 1.7 Social Presence Model 1.8 Reduced Social Cues (RSC) Approach 1.9 Social Identity Theory and De-individuation Processes (SIDE) Model 1.10 Social Information/Influence/Context Model 1.11 Language Aspects/Rhetorical 1.12 Media Characteristics / Media Evolution2 Studies and Applications of Computer-Mediated Communication 2.1 Studies 2.1.1 Comparing CMC with FTF2.1.2 Socioemotional Content in CMC 2.2 Computer-Mediated Scholarship/Education 2.3 CMC Infrastructure2.3.1 Forums and Tools2.3.2 Networks3 Organizational Communication 3.1 Theory3.1.1 Structure/Functions of Organizations 3.1.2 Human Relations3.1.3 Comm unication as Process of Organization 3.1.4 Adaptive Structuration Theory3.1.5 Organizations as Cultures 3.1.6 Network Analysis 3.2 Studies of Organizations 3.3 Technology/Communication in Organizations 3.4 Organizational CMC 3.5 CSCW3.5.1 GDSS Bibliography1Explaining Computer-Mediated Communication1.1Meta-theories* Rice (1992) recursively summarizes material from CMC reviews. Mainpoint: Even a general awareness of the diversity of these contexts, muchless the numerous studies associated with the various contexts, shouldobviate the easy and ill-formed introduction found in many CMC studies,that there is little theoretical or empirical research in this area. * Rice (1989a) asserts that we need to integrate CMC research aroundfour themes: stakeholders, goals, domains, and tools. Main point: p. 436Integrate CMC research across disciplines/tech/research processes viastakeholders, goals, analytical domain, and tools. 1.2Conceptualizations of Computing* Mowshowitz (1981) describes five positions underlyingconceptualizations of computing: technicism, progressive individualism,elitism, pluralism, radical criticism. * Hirschheim (1985) describes underlying epistemological and ontologicalstances in office automation research. * Turkle (1982) talks about how we project our ideas onto computers. 1.3Theories, Models, Typologies and Propositions* Burge (1992) presents a detailed bibliography for current literature indistance education and CMC. * Rice (1992) recursively summarizes material from CMC reviews. Mainpoint: Even a general awareness of the diversity of these contexts, muchless the numerous studies associated with the various contexts, shouldobviate the easy and ill-formed introduction found in many CMC studies,that there is little theoretical or empirical research in this area. * Hacker and Monge (1988) describes theory ofcommunication/information models and designs of CMC systems. * Johnston (1989) comments on Rices article on issues and concepts inresearch on CMC. * McCreary (1990) describes three behavior models for CMC. * Rice and Boan (1985) describes journals about CMC. * Culnan and Markus (1987) describes media use factors. Main point:CMC is low in social presence (no noverbal); therefore, it is task-orientedand impersonal. * Bowers (1992) claims artifacts have politics by analyzing formalisms ofdesign or implementation. Main point: If we are to take computertechnology seriously, we will have to abandon innocent humanism infavor of a cyber politics.* Cathcart and Gumpert (1983) talk about mediated interpersonalcommunication. * Feenberg (1986) presents an operating manual for computerconferencing. * Ghani (1988) describes flow theory in CMC. * Kuehn (1990) asserts that play theory explains CMC as communicationplay when communicators can alter interaction and achieve goals. 1.4Innovation Diffusion/Media Choice and Adoption/Critical Mass* Rogers (1983) describes the diffusion of innovations. * Rogers (1986) describes impacts of innovations. * Grantham and Vaske (1985) summarizes factors affectingdiffusion/adoption of the technology. * Leonard-Barton (1988) describes role of implementation process ininnovation diffusion. * Markus (1987) describes diffusion and adoption of interactive mediasystems in terms of critical mass. * Markus (1990) describes critical mass theory for interactive media,which directs attention away from the individual to the community levelof analysis. * Miles (1992) reviews issues of applying CMC to publishing andinterpersonal communication on national scales (Britain, France). * Thompson (1975) describes idea of electronic hallway as facilitatinggroup formation and operation. * Turoff (1989)* Korzenny (1978) presents a theory for electronic closeness inorganizations. * Alexander, Penley, and Jernigan (1991) explores the effects ofdifferences in how managers choose media. * Ebadi and Utterback (1984) describes how communication affectstechnology use. 1.4.1 Critical Mass TheoryA threshold model that explains how use develops in a community. * Markus (1987) describes diffusion and adoption of interactive mediasystems in terms of critical mass. * Markus (1990) describes critical mass theory for interactive media,which directs attention away from the individual to the community levelof analysis. * Oliver, Marwell, and Teixeira (1985) explains critical mass theory. * Valente (1991) describes thresholds for critical mass in innovationdiffusion. 1.5Information/Media RichnessReduce ambiguity through media selection. * Daft and Macintosh (1981)describes information richness theory in organizations. * Daft and Lengel (1984) applies media richness theory to organizations. Main point: p. 194 organizational success is based on the organizationsability to process information of appropriate richness to reduceuncertainty and clarify ambiguity.* Daft and Lengel (1986) describes theory of media richness used inorganizations. * Daft, Lengel, and Trevino (1987) uses media richness model applied tomessage equivocality and media selection. * Trevino, Daft, and Lengel (1990) describes the use of symbolicinteractionism to understand managers media choices in terms of messageequivocality, contextual determinants, and media symbolism. * Trevino, Lengel, Bodensteiner, Gerloff, and Muir (1990) p. 176 Thisarticle proposes a new thesis about the role of individual differences inmanagers media choice behavior. Main point: Media preferences operatewhen equivocality is low; in high equivocality situations, there is animperative to use rich media. * Trevino, Lengel, and Daft (1987) describes media richness theory inorganizations. * Rice and Shook (1990a) explores job categories and organizational levelsand communication channels, including email. * Lengel and Daft (1988) gives guidelines for managers selecting media. * Duncan (1972) explains characteristics of an organization versusperceived environmental uncertainty1.6Social/Psychological Factors* Kiesler, Siegel, and McGuire (1984) describes social and psychologicalaffects of CMC. * Boshier (1990) discusses social/psychological factors in electronicnetworking, focusing on email role in adult education, identifying researchand theory. Main point: Electronic networks can help adult educationand lifelong learning because they help increase interaction, provide forequal opportunity, and create a noncoercive, nonhierarchical, reciprocalenvironment. * Cathcart and Gumpert (1985) communicating through computer createsinterpersonal communication dyad (user computer). * Kling and Gerson (1977) explores social context features of CMCaffecting communities of users. * McGuire (1983) describes contextualism as a counterpoint toempiricism. * Short, Williams, and Christie (1976) describes social presence theory foranalyzing mediated communication. Main point: p. 65 We hypothesizethat communications media vary in their degree of Social Presence, andthat these variations are important in determining the way individualsinteract.1.7Social Presence Model* Short, Williams, and Christie (1976) describes social presence theory foranalyzing mediated communication. Main point: p. 65 We hypothesizethat communications media vary in their degree of Social Presence, andthat these variations are important in determining the way individualsinteract.* Bales (1950)* Short (1974) compared FTF, sound only, and CCTV communication totest social presence hypothesis about persuasion. * Johansen (1977) uses social presence model to examine social aspects ofteleconferencing. 1.8Reduced Social Cues (RSC) ApproachBasic Thesis: CMC features (reduced social/context cues) lead topsychological states (reduced impact of social norms and constraints)which undermine social, normative influences leading to deregulatedbehavior. * Kiesler (1986) describes how the social effects of computersmay be greater and more important than you imagine. Main point: p. 46 Computers have social effects, cut down hierarchies, cut across normsand organization boundaries. * McGuire, Kiesler, and Siegel (1987) explores influence of groupcommunication and group decision processes on group decisions. * Siegel, Dubrovsky, Kiesler, and McGuire (1986)* Sproull and Kiesler (1986) analyzes e-mail use and characteristics in anorganization. * Siegel, Dubrovsky, Kiesler, and McGuire (1986)* Rutter (1987) describes cueless model for communicating bytelephone. * Morley and Stephenson (1977) discuss bargaining, test out cuelessmodel. * DeSanctis and Gallupe (1987) apply cuelessness to study of GDSS. 1.9Social Identity Theory and De-individuation Processes (SIDE) Model* Spears and Lea (1992) explores the social/psychological dimensions ofCMC: email and CC vs. FTF via Social Identity Theory andDe-individuation Processes (SIDE) Model. * Spears, Lea, and Lee (1990)* Diener (1980) discusses de-individuation in groups. * Festinger, Pepitone, and Newcomb (1952) describes de-individuation ina group. * Lea and Spears (1991a)* Lea and Spears (1991b)1.10Social Information/Influence/Context ModelMedia perceptions and use are socially constructed. * Fulk, Schmitz, andSteinfield (1990) proposes a model for technology use which is based onsocial context effects: social influence model of media use. Main point: p. 121 Basic assumption of social influence model of media use: mediaperceptions are subjective/social constructed. * Fulk, Schmitz, and Schwartz (1992) develop CMC context themes andpropose a perspective on social context and context-behavior relations. * Fulk, Steinfield, Schmitz, and Power (1987) explores social informationprocessing as a model for media use. * Bem (1972) describes attribution theory. * Chesebro (1985) describes CMC used in interpersonal contexts bystudying a BBS. * Feenberg and Bellman (1990) social factors model posits that distinctiveorganizational features guide the design of CC systems. * Feenberg (1989) asserts that types and use of CMC systems must bebased on the sociology of the group. * Feenberg (1992) traces the success of the French Teletel (Minitel)videotex system in France. * Gattiker (1992c) suggest directions for future research intechnology-mediated communication. * Georgoudi and Rosnow (1985) describes contextualism from theperspective of the nature of context (as opposed from mechanisticassumptions). Main point: Contextualism is marked by recognizingcommunication as a process embedded in a constantly changing, cultural,cognitive, and social context. * Hellerstein (1986) presents study of social uses of CMC atUMass-Amherst; CMC mediates and facilitates social life. * Schmitz and Fulk (1991) describes media richness, social influencetheory applied to organizations. * Matheson (1991) examines the extent to which social perceptions inCMC are influenced by social information availability and based oninternalized social expectations. * Salancik and Pfeffer (1978) describes social information processingtheory. * Smilowitz, Compton, and Flint (1988) CMC changes the way peopleinteract, accomplish comm. tasks. * Lea (1992) introduces book on contextual influences on CMC. * Martin, OShea, Fung, and Spears (1992) surveys flaming phenomenonin CMC. * Bandura (1986) describes social learning theory. * Montes (1992) questions social presence theory, suggests interaction tobe creator of context. * Perry (1988) discusses use of contextualist approach to media effects. * Thomas and Griffin (19XX) reviews literature on social informationprocessing model. * Tushman and Nadler (1978) puts forth an information processing modelfor organizations. 1.11Language Aspects/Rhetorical* Baron (1984) describes CMC as a force in language culture. * Ferrara, Brunner, and Whittemore (1991) describes interactive writtendiscourse (IWD, the written language occurring in simultaneousterminal-to-terminal typed dialogues.)* Finnegan (1988) describes how literacy and orality are affected bycommunication technology. * Lakoff (1982) Oral is becoming more valued than literacy, writingimitates oral. * Murray (1991) describes the composing process for computerconversation. * Ochs (1989) explores language use and culture. * Ong (1977) Technology changed culture and thought. * Ong (1982) Thought and expressed changed in the shift from orality toliteracy. * Shank (1993) argues network communication is not oral or written butsemiotic. * December (1993a) compares net discourse in USENET newsgroup withcharacteristics of orality as defined by Walter J. Ong. Main point: Thediscourse on the Internet brings back pre-literate characteristics; it is atertiary form of orality (the first two being, pre-literature culture andwidespread radio and tv broadcasting). * Shaver (1990) describes measures of reliability and validity of attitudemeasures of writing with a computer. * Spitzer (1986) describes writing style in computer conferences. * Tannen (1982) Oral/literate continuum = focus: involvement contextv. content. * Thompson (1988) describes how interactive networking can be used forspeech, writing, and composition. * Black, Levin, Mehan, and Quinn (1983) describes real and non-real timediscourse. * December (1994) discusses and analyzes the strategies communicatorscan use to exchange information on global computer networks. Mainpoint: The communicators task in creating and structuring informationhas always included considerations of purpose and audience. Incommunicating over networks, however, the communicators task includesconsiderations of the nature of the medium_distribution, access,information-sharing practices, and social context. 1.12Media Characteristics / Media Evolution* Fowler and Wackerbarth (1980) studies audio teleconferencing incomparison with FTF conferencing. * Innis (1972) explores roles of media as used by different civilizations. Main point: Media use and forms (bias and emphasis) contribute tocivilization and political structures of societies. * Harnad (1991) asserts that the fourth cognitive revolution is electroniccommunication. * Havelock (1986) traces how writing transformed Greek culture fromorality to literacy. * Levinson (1986) describes McLuhans ideas with regard to computerconferencing. * Levinson (1990) sees CMC as an ongoing evolution of media: speech,writing, printing, telecommunications. * McLuhan and Powers (1989) describes the idea of the global villagetransforming life and media. * McLuhan (1964) explores the extensions of people through media. Mainpoint: Medias characteristics create and operate in a social and historicalcontext; electric technologies create an emphasis on effect and totalinvolvement. * McLuhan (1965) Technology revises the linearism of print. Main point:The Gutenberg Galaxy is intended to trace the ways in which the formsof experience and of mental outlook and expression have been modified,first by the phonetic alphabet and then by printing.* McLuhan and Fiore (1967) asserts that media extends consciousness. Main point: p. 26 All media work us over completely. They are sopervasive in their personal, political, economic, aesthetic, psychological,moral, ethical, and social consequences that they leave no part of usuntouched, unaffected, unaltered. The medium is the massage. Anyunderstanding of social and cultural change is impossible without aknowledge of the way media work as environments.* Rice and Associates (1984) summarizes research dealing with computersand communication. * Schement and Lievrouw (1987) describes assumptions of informationsociety research. * Smith (1980) traces development and transformation of newspapermarkets and audiences. * Stewart (1992) describes a study of voice mail (VM) revealing innovationreasons. Main point: Need to have user involvement in development,prototype, selection, planning, and implementation of an innovation. * Thomas and Miles (1989) describes the development of telematics in theUnited Kingdom. * Vallee (1982) presents perspectives on the network revolution. * Williams and Rice (1983) talk about personal relationships in CMC. 2Studies and Applications of Computer-Mediated Communication2.1Studies* Komsky (1991) p. 310 examines factors that differentiate amongfrequent and occasional users of electronic mail, for the purpose ofdeveloping a profile of users to help organizations develop strategies forincreasing system usage.* Hiltz and Turoff (1978) surveys effects of CMC on people. * Hiltz and Turoff (1993) surveys effects of CMC on people, revisededition of 1978 edition. * Chesebro and Bonsall (1989) describes computerized communication aswidespread, altering human communication patterns and culture. * Dennis, Nunamaker, and Vogel (1990) compares laboratory and fieldresearch in the study of electronic meetings. * Steinfield (1986a)* Adkins (1991) shows that recipients of email messages did not perceivethe sender as self-absorbed (egocentric-like). * Adrianson and Hjelmquist (1988) reports questionnaire study of COMsystem showing how COM system showed spontaneity, aggression; judgedefficient as a tool for sending and receiving simple messages. * Adrianson and Hjelmquist (1991) reports study which shows FTFcommunication induced more conformity and opinion change than CMC. * Anderson and Jay (1985) uses network analysis to examine the adoptionof a computerized information system by physicians. * Beals (1990) studied transcripts of computer conferences on BeginningTeacher Computer Network (BTCN). * Bresler (1990) found significant differences between males and femalesin a high school electronic communication. * Finholt, Sproull, and Kiesler (1990) examines use of electronic mail instudent work groups, where groups had similar tasks but used email todifferent degrees. The paper speculates on the larger organizationalimplications. * Gerola and Gomory (1984) studied engineers use of networks, found noimprovement in work. * Grint (1989) explores issues in CMC participation: fear of publicridicule, status, gender, technical expertise. * Guallupe and McKeen (1990) investigates use of decision supportsystems for face-to-face versus remote meetings. * Hartman, Neuwirth, and Kiesler (1991) describes patterns of socialinteraction and network technology effects on learning to write. * Hiemstra (1982) describes teleconferencing and organizational culture. * Hiltz and Johnson (1989) measures acceptance of CMC systems interms of use, subjective satisfaction, and benefits. Main point: Thefindings suggest that future studies of CMCSs in particular, and perhapscomputer-based information systems in general, should not assume thatusage alone or subjective satisfaction alone are adequate measures ofsuccessful implementation.* Hiltz and Johnson (1990) Measures user satisfaction with CMCs. Jack Dempsey Essay* Markus (1983) describes interactionist theory for humans confrontingtechnology. * Nass and Mason (1990) considers broad base of technologies in theorganization/technology interface. * Orlikowski (1992) explores concepts of technology in organizations. * Rogers (1988) describes how logical expectations for media use are notmet. * Zmud, Lind, and Young (1990)* Clement (1988) surveys office automation and control of informationworkers. Main point: p. 218 Information workers are subject to greatermanagerial control through information systems. * Allen and Hauptman (1987) describes the influence of communicationtechnologies on organizational structure for providing state-of-the-artinformation and coordination across technical specialties. * Allen and Hauptman (1990) demonstrate how organizational infoprocessing can be modified to account for new communication options inRD settings. * Feldman and March (1981) describes how management reflects need toappear competent and legitimate. * Keen (1988)* Leifer (1988) describes how to match communication informationsystems with organizational structures. * Papa and Tracy (1988) discusses CMC communication network features. 3.4Organizational CMC* Steinfield (1992) describes directions for theory and research in CMC inorganizations. * Danowski and Edison-Swift (1985) describes effects ofintraorganizational computer communication. * Hiltz, Johson, and Turoff (1986) surveys experiments in group decisionmaking; compares group problem-solving for FTF and CMC forqualitative and scientific rankings test. * Huber (1990a) we need to re-examine theory for small group interactionin computer-supported context. * Huber (1990b) analyzes capabilities of new decision technologies andhow these are relevant to existing organizational theories. * Johansen and DeGrasse (1979) describes effects of computer-basedteleconferencing on working patterns. * Johansen, DeGrasse, and Wilson (1978) describes effects of groupcommunication via computers on working patterns. * Nunamaker, Dennis, Valacich, Vogel, and George (1991) describeselectronic meetings in support of group work. * Nunamaker, Applegate, and Konsynski (1987) presents experiences withgroup support systems for facilitating creativity. * Rice (1980) reviews CMC research conducted in the 1970s. * Rice (1987) asserts that CMC provides organizations ways to enhanceresourcefulness and responsiveness. * Rice (1989b) explores use of CMC in organizations, finds more exchange. * Rice and Shook (1990a) explores job categories and organizational levelsand communication channels, including email. * Rice and Steinfield (1990) describes new forms of organizationalcommunication by email and voice messaging. * Siegel, Dubrovsky, Kiesler, and McGuire (1986)* Valacich, Dennis, and J. F. Nunamaker (1991)* Zachary (1986)* Zmud (1979) describes individual differences approach to explaininghuman behavior when confronted with technology. * Crowston, Malone, and Lin (1988) presents a case study oforganizational design for computer conferencing. * Finholt and Sproull (1990) re-examine theory of small groups whenusing computer support. * Murphy (1992) describes a case history illustrating howinformation-processing system fits organizational requirements. 3.5CSCW* Applegate (1991) sets theory foundation for group work in organizations. * Galegher and Kraut (1990) sets forth the research and design issues ofcooperative work. * Greenberg (1991a) defines groupware and CSCW and introduces volumeon CSCW and groupware. * Acker (1992) describes a GDSS which facilitates collaborative fiction. * Garcia-Luna-Aceves, Craighill, and Lang (1988) explores MOSAIC, amodel for CSCW providing a share view. * Greenberg (1991b) presents annotated bibliography and description ofinformation sources for CSCW and groupware. * Grief (1988) presents readings in CSCW* Gutek (1990) describes how group must fit technology to task structure. * Hiltz, Turoff, and K. (1989) presents experiments in group decisionmaking* Hiltz (1984) describes the complex technological and social variables inCMC acceptance. * Johansen (1988) describes groupware for business teams. * Johnson-Lenz and Johnson-Lenz (1982) defines the term groupware. * Kraemer and L (1988) describe group decision support systems,evaluate experience, benefits, barriers. * Opper and Fersko-Weiss (1992) describes how technology can enhanceproductivity for teams in organizations. * Rice and Shook (1990b) describes how group must fit technology to taskstructure. * Rothschild and Whitt (1986) describes cooperative work. * Sproull and Kiesler (1991b) describes how networked communicationand information will transform organizational behavior. * Sproull and Kiesler (1991a) asserts that CMC leads to more discussion,equality, emotions, creativity. * Stefik, Foster, Bobrow, Kahn, Lannry, and Suchman (1988) describescomputer support for collaboration and problem-solving in meetings. * Stodolsky (1993) describes the USENET comp.groupware newsgroup. * Turoff (1991)* Ellis, Gibbs, and Rein (1991)* Pinsonneault and Kraemer (1989) describes empirical research into theimpact of technological support for groups. 3.5.1 GDSS* Kraemer and Pinsonneault (1990) describes how group must fittechnology to task structure. 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